Book chapter
8. Values at the societal level
Abstract
A society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. A society can also consist of like-minded people who share norms and values. Herein, values characterize cultural groups, societies, and individuals to explain the motivational bases of their attitudes and behavior. Values are a culture’s standard for defining what is right and wrong in society. Culture emerges as a pattern that responds to basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, government, family organization, and social structures, which is passed over through generations [274]. A society that adheres to culture has core beliefs and practices from which people operate, defined as values. In short, culture is a manifestation of societal values.
Individual values are expressed on a micro-scale, whereas this chapter will focus on societal values, which are expressed on a macro-scale, as visualized by the Values model in Figure 18. This model suggests that individual values define organizational & professional values. In turn, these values define economic values. Thereafter, societal values overarch and include all of these values. Parson, an influential figure in sociology, explained the difference between individual values and cultural values as follows:
”Individual values are goals that derive from what it means to be human, to be a biological organism who participates in social interaction and who must adapt to the demands of group life. Cultural values, in contrast, are goals that derive from the nature of societies, from the functional imperatives with which societies must cope in order to survive.” [275]
Knowledge clip
Isabel Boot, Laurens Dams, Remco Groeneveld, Jesse Hoekman, Kirill Sadovnikov
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